Biomarkers and advanced diagnostic tools play a pivotal role in the early detection, risk stratification, and management of cardiovascular diseases. Biomarkers, including cardiac troponins, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and lipid profiles, provide critical information about myocardial injury, heart failure, inflammation, and atherosclerotic risk. Emerging molecular and genetic biomarkers are enhancing the ability to predict disease susceptibility, monitor treatment response, and detect subclinical cardiac dysfunction, facilitating more precise and personalized care.
Advances in diagnostic imaging and technology have further transformed cardiology. High-resolution echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography angiography (CTA), and positron emission tomography (PET) allow detailed visualization of cardiac anatomy, function, perfusion, and tissue characterization. Invasive techniques, such as coronary angiography and intravascular imaging, provide precise evaluation of coronary artery disease and plaque morphology. Integration of biomarkers with imaging data, along with computational modeling and artificial intelligence, enables more accurate diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment planning. These innovations collectively improve early detection, guide therapeutic decisions, and enhance patient outcomes in cardiovascular care.